Advertising and Children Essay Example Essay Example

Advertising and Children Essay Example Paper Advertising and Children Essay Introduction . Kids represent an important demographic to marketers because they have their own purchasing power, they influence their parents’ buying decisions and they’re the adult consumers of the future. Television still the focus of attention: most exposed! 2) HOW ADVERTISERS ARE TARGETTING KIDS ( techniques) -psychology and kidsmarketing To effectively market to children, advertisers need to know what makes kids tick.With the help of well-paid researchers and psychologists, advertisers now have access to in-depth knowledge about children’s developmental, emotional and social needs at different ages. Using research that analyzes children’s behaviour, fantasy lives, art work, even their dreams, companies are able to craft sophisticated marketing strategies to reach young people. The issue of using child psychologists to help marketers target kids gained widespread public attention in 1999, when a group of U. S. ental health professionals issued a public letter to t he American Psychological Association (APA) urging them to declare the practice unethical. The APA is currently studying the issue. -In Practice Pester power: Today’s kids have more autonomy and decision-making power within the family than in previous generations, so it follows that kids are vocal about what they want their parents to buy. â€Å"Pester power† refers to children’s ability to nag their parents into purchasing items they may not otherwise buy. Marketing to children is all about creating pester power, because advertisers know what a powerful force it can be.According to the 2001 marketing industry book Kidfluence, pestering or nagging can be divided into two categories—†persistence† and â€Å"importance. † Persistence nagging (a plea, that is repeated over and over again) is not as effective as the more sophisticated â€Å"importance nagging. † This latter method appeals to parents’ desire to provide the best for their children, and plays on any guilt they may have about not having enough time for their kids. Impact on family Children are effective influencers of family purchasers, pestering their parents to buy products that they neither need nor really understand.A British study reported that 85% of a sample of 4-13 year olds acknowledged that they had asked their parents to buy advertised products and 66% claimed that their parents had met their request. Advertising pressures can produce significant conflict between parents and children. Many vulnerable families succumb, spending dollars they can least afford. Pester power often works. Mirror effect: Imitating the grown up’s has always been a tween occupation. Almost every aspect of parental life has been mirrored in various tween toys and entertainment concepts.They acquire an understanding of what it would be like to be a real parent through observation and play that involves imitation. Imitation is the bedrock of the fisger- price range, which offers a total kitchen selection, plastic food, small appliances, such as hair-dryers, living-room furniture and more. This mirror effect works in 2 ways: It places tweens firmly in the centre of the world they admire and to which they aspire. Tween is placed in the middle of a dream=;gt; popstar, movie celebrity. Peer pressure (school;internet) tend to follow the herd rather than their own instincts.Kids are fare more affected by there peers than by their parents. (p138 brandchild). -Community exploration -peer-to-peer marketing -Viral marketing 3) 4 Groups of tweens : edges : the rebels, testing things before others Persuaders: Influencers=popular -;gt; decisions are adopted by the group so marketers wants to harness this groups. more mainstream than the Edges. Followers: the balk (the most of) of today’s tweens. Listen to persuaders but ear open to the edges. Self- esteem not terribly high -;gt; don’t consider themselves as cool.Reflexives: an out -group that tries to increase acceptance among their peers . Categorization to understand differences between the tweens + internal hierarchy -;gt; determines to a large extent their relationship to brands and their adoption rate. = valuable when you need to identify the best possible tween group for a specific brand . Buzz or street marketing The challenge for marketers is to cut through the intense advertising clutter in young people’s lives. Many companies are using â€Å"buzz marketing†Ã¢â‚¬â€a new twist on the tried-and-true â€Å"word of mouth† method.The idea is to find the coolest kids in a community and have them use or wear your product in order to create a buzz around it. Buzz, or â€Å"street marketing,† as it’s also called, can help a company to successfully connect with the savvy and elusive teen market by using trendsetters to give their products â€Å"cool† status. Buzz marketing is particularly well-suited to the Internet, where young â€Å"Net promoters† usenewsgroups, chat rooms and blogs to spread the word about music, clothes and other products among unsuspecting users. -Effects: does it work, who are the most vulnerable? examples to compare and make a tendency) Commercialization in education School used to be a place where children were protected from the advertising and consumer messages that permeated their world—but not any more. Budget shortfalls are forcing school boards to allow corporations access to students in exchange for badly needed cash, computers and educational materials. Corporations realize the power of the school environment for promoting their name and products. A school setting delivers a captive youth audience and implies the endorsement of teachers and the educational system.Marketers are eagerly exploiting this medium in a number of ways, including: . Sponsored educational materials: for example, a Kraft â€Å"healthy eating† kit to teach about Canadaâ €™s Food Guide (using Kraft products); or forestry company Canfor’s primary lesson plans that make its business focus seem like environmental management rather than logging.? . Supplying schools with technology in exchange for high company visibility.? . Exclusive deals with fast food or soft drink companies to offer their products in a school or district.? Advertising posted in classrooms, school buses, on computers, etc. in exchange for funds.? . Contests and incentive programs: for example, the Pizza Hut reading incentives program in which children receive certificates for free pizza if they achieve a monthly reading goal; or Campbell’s Labels for Education project, in which Campbell provides educational resources for schools in exchange for soup labels collected by students.? . Sponsoring school events: The Canadian company ShowBiz brings moveable video dance parties into schools to showcase various sponsors’ products. IS IT AN UNFAIR PRACTICE? -FACTS | |Age 2-7 |Age 8-12 |Age 13-17 | |Food ads seen per day |12 |21 |17 | |Food ads seen per year |4,400 |6,000 |7,600 | |Percentage of ads seen where food was the main product advertised |32% |25% |22% |Of all genres on TV, shows specifically designed for children under 12 have the highest proportion of food advertising (50% of all ad time). Of all food ads that target children or teens: †¢ 34% are for candy and snacks. †¢ 28% are for cereal †¢ 10% are for fast foods. †¢ 4% dairy products †¢ 1% fruit juices. Out of all 8,854 ads reviewed – there were none for fruits or vegetables 3) Why advertising to children is a problem What is advertised Many of the products advertised are fatty, salty, sugary and fast foods.Nutritionists and other health professionals see these as promoting poor eating practices in children (see related topic: Food Advertising). =;gt; What is food advertising Advertisements for food on television occur principally as 30 second commer cials within programs directed to children, or within other programs directed at a more general audience. They can also occur by way of â€Å"product placement† within programs. Food or drink products are used by the characters in the film, video or TV program, or placed somewhere conspicuous on the set.Advertisements for foods directed to children are most frequently for breakfast cereals, snacks, soft drinks, and fast foods. They can be described as fatty, salty, sugary and fast. (Young Media Australia, 1997) Other ads are for toys, many of which: . limit creative play . encourage violent play . are linked to violent movies which are unsuitable for children, but nonetheless marketed to them . encourage girls to focus on their appearance, including a range of highly sexualised dolls with skimpy clothing, unrealistic body proportions and provocative expressions? (see related topic Toy Advertising). =;gt; What is toy advertising Toys are promoted very heavily to children throu gh a wide range of media. They are presented in such a way as to make them look very attractive and great fun to play with. The children shown playing with them are cute, pretty or â€Å"cool†. . Many such toys are very expensive. Toys advertised on TV or otherwise linked to movies tend to dominate children’s â€Å"wish lists† for presents. Early childhood educators have expressed concern that many of the media-promoted toys do not extend children’s play, but limit it. Children can get much enjoyment from other simpler and cheaper toys.These days, many mass produced toys are not designed to meet the needs of children, but more to meet the objectives of a range of industries who are jointly marketing to children. (Varney, W, 1995) . Ability to distinguish advertising from programs Young children are particularly vulnerable to advertising as they are often unable to distinguish advertising from programs. US researchers such as Dale Kunkel (University of Cal ifornia at Santa Barbara) and Don Roberts (Stanford University) say that children under age of 5 or 6 do not distinguish effectively between advertisements and the programs they are watching.Ability to understand ‘selling’ intent of advertising Children under the age of seven are unlikely to understand selling intent. As Roberts says, to understand selling intent, the child has to be able to take the perspective of another, and to understand that the seller will engage in puffery, trickery, exaggeration in order to sell. Children are not developmentally capable of this until the age of seven or eight. Many of the advertisements use techniques that mislead children as to the worth or performance of the product, both food and toys. Who are the most vulnerable? Children under the age of 7 or 8.Advertising directed at this age group is inherently unfair. But even older children do not always know when advertisements are telling the truth, and are vulnerable (as are adults) to the appeals to their self esteem, anxieties, and need to be seen as â€Å"cool†. Steve Biddulph, noted Australian author of books on child raising, says that advertising to children is an unfair practice. He says that advertising works by making them unhappy with their lives, anxious and unsatisfied. It sells to them by damaging their mental health. Advertising and Children Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!

Globalization of Business and Culture

Globalization of Business and Culture Managing employees in cultural diverse environments is important because it helps reduce conflicts. Human resources managers have the obligation of identifying the culture of all their employees so that they can establish policies which favor each cultural group.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Globalization of Business and Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cultural conflicts are experienced in multinational organization and it is important for managers to learn the different cultures so that they can address the problems which are caused by cultural differences. The performance of an organization is improved when conflicts are resolved amicably. In addition, resolving cultural conflicts among employees improves the image of the company because it is a social responsibility for an organization to improve internal affairs (Merz, He Alden, 2008). Managing cultural diversity effectively helps an organizatio n to improve its market position in the global market as well as creating a favorable environment for all stakeholders to operate in. multinational organizations work in cultural diverse environments and it is important to integrate cultural aspects in the products manufactured. Customers are sensitive to cultural attachments in the products offered in the market and it is important for companies to identify the specific cultures of all the consumer groups in the market they operate in. in addition, managing cultural diversity helps managers to identify the best marketing strategies to be adopted in different market segments (Merz, He Alden, 2008). Effective management of cultural diversity helps a company attain its corporate social responsibility goals. It is a corporate social responsibility for an organization to improve its relationship with the external environments. Learning the culture of the people surrounding an organization helps reduce conflicts and this improves the pu blic image of the company. a good public image is important to the organization because it helps market products effectively to the consumers. consumers have become aware of the need to assess the activities of companies which manufacture products.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When consumers attain confidence in the products offered by a company they become loyal to the products of such companies and this improves the competitive position of a company (Mead, Andrews, 2009). The concepts of globalization can be applied to the business function of human resource management by helping managers integrate different cultural aspects relating to their employees. With the emergence of cultural diverse labor markets there is need to learn different cultures to improve the performance of multinational companies. Additionally, social capital is important in the manag ement of human resources in cultural diversified environments. Employees are linked to social systems and managers should identify the social systems which may affect their performance at the workplace (Taylor, 2007). As an employee of a multinational organization, I have found it important for managers operating in cultural diversified environments to learn the cultural aspects of the people they are working with. Resolving cultural conflicts helps improve the performance of an organization as well as improving the competitiveness of a company. In my professional career as a human resource manager I have identified that managing cultural diversity is an important aspect which helps managers venture into new markets and capture demand for their products. In conclusion, it is important for managers to improve their skills in learning the cultures of all consumer groups they are marketing their products. On the other hand, human resources managers should identify the cultural aspects of their employees so that they can reduce conflicts experienced in organization. Working in a multinational company requires learning the cultural aspects of the consumers as well as that of the employees so that a company can improve its performance and its competitiveness in the market.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Globalization of Business and Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Bibliography Mead, R. and Andrews, T.G. (2009). International Management. 4th Edition. Wiley / Blackwell. ISBN: ISBN13: 978-1405173995 ISBN10:1405173998. Merz, M. A., He Y. and Alden, D. L. (2008). A categorization approach to analyzing the global consumer culture debate. International Marketing Review. 25(2). pp. 166-182. Taylor, S. (2007). Creating social capital in MNCs: the international human resource management challenge. Human Resource Management Journal. 17(4). p 336–354.

Evaluation of the company's strategy Assignment

Evaluation of the company's strategy - Assignment Example While doing this, the study has made use of Ansoff matrix and BCG matrix. In addition, the study has also critically evaluated the organisation's strategy in terms of its suitability, acceptability, feasibility and sustainability. The key findings of the study were that certain segments of company are witnessing low market share and low growth rate. Hence, in order to overcome this issue, the company has been recommended product development strategy. The external audit has also shown that the company is yet to make an online presence, thus, the company has again been suggested to launch an online store to boost up sales. Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 Analysis and critical evaluation of the organisation's strategic position 4 Analysis of the organisation's strategic direction 6 Critical evaluation of the organisation's strategy 8 Conclusions and Recommendation 9 Reference List 10 Appendix 11 Introduction The success of any good organization is based on the measu res that are laid by the stakeholders of the firm (Gilmore, 2003). In the business world, the strategy of the firm plays a fundamental role in the achievement of its objective. In the commercial setting, the principal aims of a company usually revolve around making profits, embrace growth and expansion and most importantly, diversification (Garrick, 2011). The aforementioned factors are the keys for the achievement of success in an industry that is flourishing. Most of the companies that have experienced success in the market have either followed a strategy that has been functioning properly for a number of years or with the ability to adapt to the changing environment (Alkhafaji, 2003). However, proper management is one of the main activities that help companies to realize its objectives and is thus deemed as a determinant (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson, 2009). Reports have shown that business strategies have continuously been performing commendable jobs in ascertaining success withi n the organization. Hence, the above discussion has made it evident that strategy is one of the four pillars of a business venture and the backbone supporting and guiding the operations of a firm (Davis, 2008). In this report, the strategy adopted or pursued by the company, Morrison Supermarkets Plc., will be evaluated. In the last assignment, environmental audit of the company had been carried out, but this project deals with the evaluation of the strategies being pursued by the company. This report seeks to investigate and critically analyse the organisation's strategic position along with its strategic direction, with a clear identification of the methods by which the organisation has been pursuing its strategy. While doing this portion, the study will make use of Ansoff matrix and BCG matrix. In addition, the study will also critically evaluate the organisation's strategy in terms of its suitability, acceptability, feasibility and sustainability. Lastly, on the basis of the find ings, a conclusion to the study will be drawn. Analysis and critical evaluation of the organisation's strategic position In the first assignment, critical analysis of Morrison’s internal and external business environment has been carried in order to identify the position of the company within the firm. The external and internal environment of the company was carried out with the help of PESTEL analysis and SWOT analysis

MKT 251 Advertising and media in the marketing environment Essay

MKT 251 Advertising and media in the marketing environment - Essay Example After analysing the environmental factors, it has been identified that the usefulness of the products follows the necessity trend and technology advancement of the target audiences. Market competition analysis shows that though Apple operates in a competitive market but, its innovations are still makes substantial differences in terms of quality and benefits to the customers. Apple has been promoting its latest innovation Ipad through different advertisement campaigns named â€Å"we believe†, â€Å"we will never stop†, â€Å"we will always† etc. The company share different messages to target audiences through these adverts. But all are similar in terms of market segmentation, positioning and targeting. Therefore, there is little difference in the content of the advertisement but message is still the same. It tries to make the target customers aware about the unique benefits of the product through different representation. Apple Inc. was formerly named as Apple Computer Inc. It is an American multinational corporation which design and sell high technology electronic goods, personal computers and computer software. The company became worldwide popular because of its innovation in the product. Company’s best known products are the Macintosh line of computers, ipod, iphone and lastly the current ipad. The company was established on 1st April, 1976 in California and incorporated on 3rd January, 1977. The company removed the word ‘computer’ from its name from January 2007 and shifted from only computer business towards consumer electronics. By market capitalization, Apple Inc. is the largest public limited company in the world which beat ExxonMobil, Google and Microsoft by revenue and profit. Ipad is one of the best innovations of the company along with other innovations i.e. ipod, iphone, Macbook etc. Apple has been promoting this product through creative advertisement through different medium like print advert for

Evaluate a chosen psychological theory and its associated method of Essay

Evaluate a chosen psychological theory and its associated method of intervention with regaurd to a chosen mental disorder.Further consider the factors that affe - Essay Example The psychodynamic perspective emphasizes on the internal conflicts, motives and unconscious forces regulate an individual's overt behaviour and attitude, hence addressing and resolving these underlying factors may attribute in the understanding of maladaptive behaviour. In psychodynamic approach, the associated symptoms are considered as an expression of a defence mechanism with a struggling inner-self attributes to the disordered pattern of eating or weight control behaviour as a connotation to commune or articulate underlying problems. In a conventional psychodynamic treatment approach, these symptoms are taken into consideration for expressing underlying issues, working through them and then resolving them. The psychodynamic treatment session primarily consists of looms using understanding and administration of the transference relationship mutually corresponding between the therapist and the client. The effectiveness of sole use of psychodynamic approach has not been proved well up to the mark, primarily because of twofold reasons. Firstly, in many cases clients suffering from acute starvation, depression or compulsivity that compel them having distorted mental states and hence aggravating the crisis by means of initiating associated complications like suicidal ideation or attempt, compulsive binging or purging, or need for critical medical attention. This eventually deteriorates the outcome of psychodynamic treatment approach, if applied prior resolving these problems. Secondly, client may engage in psychodynamic therapeutic approach for long years while employing themselves in the destructive symptomatic behaviour as well. This paper focuses on the analysis of Freudian psychodynamics theoretical perspectives in relation to the eating disorder including the adaptive function and the purpose that the eating disorder serves at unconscious level. Freudian Psychodynamic Approach Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) had been greatly influenced by Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894), a German physicist and physician. Freud had been inspired from him to propose his psychodynamic theory in relation to the principles incorporating the law of thermodynamics. He theorised that psychic-energy attributed to the development of human personality is a form of energy that can neither be destroyed nor be created, it can only be converted from one form to another, obeying the 'law of energy'. Hence the science of psychology is to focus on the adaptation, conduction and exchange of psychic energy within the realm of personality traits attributing to the overt shape and determining it (Internet Encyclopaedia). In his topographical structure of mind (1923) as illustrated in Figure 1, Freud explained the division of mind as the dynamism of unconscious, preconscious and conscious levels of mind by virtue of interplay among Id, Ego and Superego. Freud considered that most of our underlying feelings incorporating emotions, beliefs, attitudes and impulses are buried down into unconscious level. The conscious level of the mind, the smallest region, is what an individual is aware of. Freud described that as we possess the perception of awareness of our environment and the objects around us, it signifies the mechanism of conscious mind. Another level is preconscious which is promptly accessible whenever

Different Forms Of People Management Commerce Essay

Different Forms Of People Management Commerce Essay At the end of the nineteenth century many workers were employed in the manufacturing sectors, where they had to put in long hours and conditions were often harsh. The welfare state did not exist and no work could mean destitution. However, even in such unenlightened times some employers did value their workers and took on a paternalist role for their employees. Such famous names as Cadbury, Rowntree and Bournville, all chocolate manufacturers, and Lever, a soap manufacturer, all took their employees` welfare very seriously and established the provision of health and education as part of their role as a responsible employer. These enlightened employers tended to be Quakers and were some of the first employers to employ welfare officers. The welfare officers were often women and were concerned not only with visiting sick employees but also with supervising moral welfare. We will take an overview of the state of debate. THE STATE OF DEBATE The question of whether human resource management has the capacity to transform or replace deeply rooted models of personnel management and industrial relations, or could become fully worked-through theory of management, is one that cannot be answered in a simple manner. Human resource management has many cogent critics and many sceptical supporters. Initial criticism which claimed that it was `old wine new bottles` ,the restatement perspective outlined earlier in this chapter, still has strong adherents (Keenoy and Anthony, 1993). Others see it as a version of `the emperor`s new clothes` (Legge, 1989) or a `wolf sheep`s clothing` (Armstrong, 1987) The 1990s have seen a growing sophistication in the nature of the debate involving HRM. One very strong characteristic is the desire on the part of a number of commentators to explore the consequences of implementing HRM techniques for organizations. Thus the nature of the argument now strongly incorporates the concept of HRM outcomes rather than relying largely on descriptions of styles or types of HRM philosophies. Part of this development has been promoted by the realisation that traditional sources of competitive advantage, such as technological supremacy, patents, capital and so forth, are very much less important than they were in a world in which many countries can display equal advantage in at least some of these critical aspects (Pfeffer, 1994). Thus the extent to which an organization can mobilise is internal human resources may hold the key to achievable advantage in the future (Prahalad and Hamel, 1990). The general managerial epithet that `people are our greatest asset` is a tried clichÃÆ' ©; what distinguishes the most recent work is its focus on the recourse based model of HRM and the particular mix ofskills and attributes that can be developed and applied to economic performance. Thus Huselid (1995) has argued that high performance work practices have an economically and statically significant impact on such employee outcomes as turnover and productivity and both short- and long-term measures of corporate financial performance. In my opinion is, the importance of HRM as rhetoric that speaks to the concerns of a wide range of stakeholder groups-personnel and line managers, government and academics-should not be underestimated. We will take an overview of the chances in external environmental factors and HR practices and strategies. CHANGE-MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES These are required if organizations are to be effective in developing an innovative and fast moving organisation that keep up with the fast pace of development in a modern society. Organizations need to be adaptable and flexible, which means that policies and objectives need to be place to manage change. Many of the IT industryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s need to be adaptable and fast changing to keep up with changes in modern technology. For example, Apple Computers` market share was in decline due to monopoly of the Microsoft windows operating system, but it has reinvented itself with the iPod, and is now leading the way in music technology. Without change management objectives Apple would have found it much harder to respond to rapid changes. For this reason the recruitment, selection and development strategies all need to feed into the change management objectives. Policy formulation and management of change This means using HR policy to identify and manage change in a business environment. This extends from Harward model, which has not identified change effectively to ensure competitiveness. Apple Computers managed to develop the iPod and gain competitive advantage by having policies for managing innovation and change. Nevertheless, these assumptions inform the practices and policies of management, and hence define the organizational and conceptual space that HRM fills and generate the multiple meanings of which HRM is constructed. We shall examine some of them in greater detail shortly. Competing interpretations of organisations and management When we stand back from the concrete world of managing to that of theories about organizations and management, we find that not only have very different interpretations been made overtime, but there exist simultaneously several strongly competing interpretations. Again, we can only skim over this material, but u can pursue the issues by reading, for example, Child (1969), who traces the development of management trough in Britain or Morgan (1986), who examines in a very accessible way eight different metaphors or ways that theorists as well as others have construed organisations. Brunsson (1989) throws a different light on the nature and goals of organising, based on his research in Scandinavian municipal administrations. He suggest that the outputs of these kinds of organizations are `talk, decision and physical products`. He proposes two ideal types of organization that depends on action for its legitimacy. Talk and decisions in the action organization lead to actions, whereas the outputs of the political organization are talk and decisions that may not lead to action. Having now examined some of the choices managers make to deal with the tensions within organizations and some of the competing interpretations offered by theorist of those tensions and choices, we need to stepback even further to become aware of the ways of thinking and of seeing that inform their assumptions. First, however, we shall examine the next layer of the context of HRM. THE CONTEXT OF HUMAN RECOURCE MANAGEMENT Human resource management cannot take place in isolation from the internal organization or the external environment where the political, economic, societal, technological and international context can have an impact on how the organization operates and how HRM is managed within that context. The context (the external and internal environment within which HR operates) within which HR takes place will impact on organizational polices and have implications for the functions of HR. this has been highlighted earlier in the example of the Beardmore conference Hotel, whose flexible benefits reflected the local society and culture as well as the economic environment, where managers recognised the need to attract and retain staff at that time. Context has many layers, which build up to impact on how the organization does business. THE ORGANIZATIONAL CONTEXT To operate successfully the organization needs to ask itself the following questions. What business are we in? How can we carry out our business to be as effective as possible and to meet out stakeholders`(identifiable clusters of people who have an economic and/or social interest in the performance of an organization) needs? The organizational context is also influenced by external context; it interacts with its environment and this in turn impacts on HR. for this reason, HR practices need to be designed to reflect the organizational context. However, in a fast-changing working environment this is often difficult to achieve: new technologies are developed, governments and attitudes change policy will, in turn, inform practice but needs to be flexible enough to respond to the influences of the external environment. For example, changes in practise, which in theory has meant a reduction in working hours for some workers. The approaches adopted by managers to resolve the tensions in organizations; The existence of several stakeholders in the employment relationship; Their differing perspectives upon events, experiences and relationships; Their differing aims, interest and needs; The interplay between formal organization and individual potential. These tensions have to be resolved through the process of management, or rather, continuously resolved, for these tensions are inherent in organizations. THE EXTERNAL CONTEXT The external environment influences the external context of the organization. An organization would not be effective if it ignored the external context of politics, economics, society and technology. In London and the south-east of England, there is a shortage of key workers, such as nurses and teachers, and many workers have been employed from abroad to fill the vacancies. For organizations, this means a review of policies to ensure that new workers` needs are considered. On a practical side, new aspect of training may have to be delivered to meet language needs. To do this an organization needs to operate as an open system (system influenced by the external environment and inputs, making it complex and difficult to control), which can change to meet the needs of its external environment. The political context The political context not only refers to the type of government in power at the time, but also, whether the country is democratic or not. In UK the political context changes depending on which political party is in power. In the past, the conservative government has tended to favour the employer over the employee; an example of this was the removal of the minimum wage. Traditional labour governments have focused on the employee and have had close links with the unions. With new labour the lines have become somewhat blurred: although they have reintroduced the minimum wage, they have also formed close links with industry by encouraging public/private partnerships. With every change of government the HR practitioner needs to identify the impact on the organisation and the HR department. The economic context The economic context refers to health of the nation. If business is booming and unemployment is low, it may be harder to find and retain staff. In times of economic decline, unemployment increases and greater choice of labour is available to the employer. However economic decline may also mean that your organisation has to downsize and HR department will than face the dilemma of dealing with redundancies. An organization may also need to answer to shareholders, who expect to see a healthy return on their investment. For the HR professional this could mean developing operations overseas where labour is cheaper, such as prudential moving its call centres to India. It may also mean outsourcing some or all of the functions of HR, as the organization pursues its competitive advantage. An example of outsourcing is discussed in the technology transformation box. The social context the social context refers to the culture, politics ,leadership and management style that influence the organization. An HR manager must be able to identify the culture within which the organization operates. This means he or she needs to recognise and understand the values the organization is trying to promote. However, they also need to understand the culture and society from which their employees are recruited. An HR manager should not underestimate the importance of the social context of business as, in many instances. Businesses have foundered due to a lack of understanding of the culture. Examples are Euro Disney Paris, whose lack of understanding of European culture and its failure to embrace all things American had a serious impact on business. Or, Wal-Mart in Argentina, which failed to understand how the argentines liked to shop, and could not understand why business was not booming in its bright and shiny new supermarkets. CONCLUSIONS HR goes in to decline-outsourcing and downsizing has removed the HR specialist from organisations and placed the HR role with the overworked line manager. The HR function will be closely integrated in to the vision and strategy of the organization and it will continue as it has done in the past, due to the limitations of labour markets, unions, legislation, etc. this implies that it stands still and does not develop. Whatever the view of HR and how it develops in the future, it is important to understand where it has come from and what has influenced it.

Rey Bredbarys Fehrinhiot 451 :: Ferinhiot 451 Esseys

Cherectir Discroptoun Gay: Hi os e cherectir whu os blondly duong whet thi wurld os duong eruand hom wothuat thonkong. Frum thi onsodi hi os doffirint, hi hes e sympethitoc end carouas sodi on hom, hoddin sumiwhiri. Hi os jast loki eny forimin woth en anshevin blaosh luuks ivin eftir hi shevis, end woth bleckniss uf thi eshis on hos hends end feci. Aftir hos incuantir woth clerossi, hi sterts tu thonk end wundir anotintounelly. Hi sterts tu qaistoun hos ceriir end thi riesun bihond barnong buuks. Thiri mast bi sumithong ompurtent on thusi buuks uthirwosi thiy wualdn’t bi biong barnid. Hi rielozis thet hos lofi os nuthong bat fori end barnong buuks, thet hos lofi os impty end gluumy. Hi hes tekin e stip tuwerds anluckong thi mystiry bihond barnong buuks end hos duar lofi. Moldrid: Shi os thi wofi uf Gay Munteg. Shi os e viry embogauas cherectir, fall uf saspocoun. Hir physocel eppierenci os viry onsognofocent â€Å"Hir feci wes loki e snuw cuvirid oslend apun whoch reon moght fell (9) Shi os ubvouasly ubsissid woth T.V on e wey piupli eri eddoctid tu drags. Shi asis tu kiip hir frum thonkong ebuat hir lofi end thi rieloty uf ot. Shi clierly troid tu cummot saocodi, bat shi rifasis ot. Thos ettimpt shuws thet shi os nut heppy woth hir lofi end went tu git rod uf ot. Shi duisn’t went tu divilup e riletoun woth hir hasbend, end shi duisn’t went tu hevi kods. Besocelly shi os on dinoel uf hir uwn lofi end ectouns, es e risalt shi os nut rielozong thet hir ectouns eri nut roght. Moldrid os loki en ivol stunir whu sots on hir huasi ell dey. Bietty: Hi os e viry clivir cherectir. Hi hetis buuks end wents tu barn thim, bat ot siims loki es of hi sicritly rieds buuks. Hi os e bog gay woth viry ponk tuni uf culur tu hos feci. Darong thi forst pert uf thi buuk, thi forimin gut cellid fur en imirgincy et thi uld wumen's huasi fur buuks. If ried cerifally yua woll nutoci enuthir sodi uf Bietty’s cherectir. Whin Bietty telks tu thi uld wumen hi rifirincis e lottli frum thi Bobli, â€Å"Yua’vi biin luckid ap hiri fur yiers woth e rigaler demnid Tuwir uf Bebil,†(24). It siims loki hi asi tu ried on thi pest bifuri thi buuk barnong stertid. Bietty elsu trois tu cuntrul Gay’s mond frum hos ixpiroinci es e fori cepteon, bat hi cen nivir rimuvi thi merk thet Clerossi hes lift un Gay ebuat buuks.

Belmont Report

Ethics are an important aspect of doing any n’ everything in one’s life. Be it your daily routine tasks/chores or your job or business environment. We should keep our integrity intact by providing consistency in goods & service. Secondly we should also abide by the regulations and restrain from un-ethical practices during any phase of our businesses in a socially responsible manner so that we can inculcate a sound business environment with least implication and externalities towards the surroundings.Overview:The Belmont Report states the duties of the National Commission on Health about different types of business practices and the ethical issues involved. The report provides a guideline as to how to prevent issues which harm the elements of the environment (including animals). Following are some major targets of the report; ? The basic ethical principles that should be taken into consideration while conducting any type of biomedical and/or behavioral research which inv olves any human subjects. ? To develop the guidelines to be complied so as to assure the particular research study is being conducted in accordance with those principles.The commission was also directed to consider; ? The boundaries between biomedical and behavioral research and the accepted and routine practice of medicine, ? The role of assessment of risk-benefit criteria in the determination of the appropriateness of research involving human subjects, ? Appropriate guidelines for the selection of human subjects for participation in such research, & ? The nature and definition of informed consent in various research settings (Folkman, 2000). Nonetheless scientific research has often produced substantial benefits to the society.It has also raised some problematic ethical questions. Public awareness grew on these issues due to reported abuses of human subjects in certain biomedical experiments (Saunders, 2004). This involved the physicians and scientists who had conducted biomedical experiments on war prisoners. This led to the legislation being made about any type of research involving human subjects that it would be carried out in an ethical manner. Three traditionally accepted principals regarding the implications are; Respect for Persons:Respect for a person includes two ethical convictions i. e. the individuals should be treated as autonomous elements/agents and that people with diminished autonomy should be given protection. Beneficence: Respect for people as individuals isn’t enough. We should also be considering making efforts to secure the well being of individuals. Justice: No individual or group of individual should be denied justice with regard to their right to have it. The benefit therefore to all individuals should be given in a ‘just’ manner without any bias and/or discrimination. Conclusion:Thus the Belmont Report provides a complete and detailed guideline to direct the way how research is being conducted and experimentatio n been done on any of the human subjects and strictly attempts the organizations to abide by it. References 1. Saunders William L. (2004) Lethal experimentation on human beings: Roe's effect on bioethics: An article from: Fordham Urban Law Journal. 2. Engelhardt H. Tristram (1988) The Use of Human Beings in Research: With Special Reference to Clinical Trials: Springer. 3. Folkman Susan (2000) Ethics in Research With Human Participants: American Psychological Association.

Analysis of Globalisation Strategy in McDonalds The WritePass Journal

Analysis of Globalisation Strategy in McDonalds Introduction Analysis of Globalisation Strategy in McDonalds IntroductionAbout McDonald’s:McDonald’s World Wide Locations Map:Globalisation and McDonalds:Globalisation strategy of McDonald:1. Think Globally but Act Locally:2. Pricing:3. Advertising/Promotional strategies:4. Social responsibility:Challenges for McDonald:Alternative Strategy of McDonald:Conclusion:Related Introduction According to Drori S. et al (2006), the definition of globalisation is the all countries of the world became inter connected with the process of globalisation in which process main social factors like influence, philosophy, marketplaces, government, privileges, standards, customs, belief, individuality, nationality, harmony developed disembodied from their three dimensional framework because of the quickening, flexibility, dissemination and extension of international streams of societies, goods, economics, descriptions and statistics. The United Nations  Economics and Social Commission for Western Asia say globalization is a widely-used term that can be defined in a number of different ways. When used in an economic context, it refers to the reduction and removal of barriers between national borders in order to facilitate the flow of goods, capital, and services labour although considerable barriers remain to the flow of labour. Globalization is not a new phenomenon. It began towards the end of the nineteenth century, but it slowed down during the period from the start of the First World War until the third quarter of the twentieth century. This slowdown can be attributed to the inward looking policies pursued by a number of countries in order to protect their respective industries however, the pace of globalization picked up rapidly during the fourth quarter of the twentieth century In other word, globalisation is a whole process. If we categorized as per the topic of orientation taken we can methodology ‘global as a geographical conception, characteristic it as of the narrow; equally an idea of ability and control, differentiating it as of regional independence; equally a traditional notion, differentiating it as of separation; and lastly, by way of a recognized idea, differentiating it as of nationwide. All of us know that the international business is one of the most important parts of any nation’s economy, but at the world level or actual time this works as an individual unit but not as whole world’s economy. This provides a wonderful benefit to international companies; meanwhile they previously have the awareness obligatory to harvest plus to marketplace goods and facilities intercontinentally. Countries continue significant in establishing actions, however their structure of mention aimed at profitable strategies can no lengthier remain limited to the nationwide economy. About McDonald’s: In October 1947, there was first restaurant opened in UK while after 30 years in December 2004 it reached at 1330 restaurants in all over the United Kingdom. Among those about 60 % restaurants are managed by the company and rest of them are operated by franchisees. The main story of the McDonald has started in 1940. McDonald has founded in 1940 as a simple fast food restaurant by two brothers. Maurice and Richard, two brothers had started McDonalds in California, United States. The first name if the McDonalds was â€Å"McDonalds Hamburgers†. After few years, the total profit of the McDonalds restaurant reached at $3, 50,000. The well-known distributor of Milk shake machine named Raymond Kroc, concerned in this business and deal with two brothers and got franchisee of McDonalds and established McDonalds system incorporation, the franchising company of McDonalds. In 1955 he became a founder of the company by purchasing share of $2.7 million. He also changed name of the company as McDonalds corporation and he demonstrated himself as the innovator who modernized restaurant industry of America. McDonalds is one of the most valuable brands all over the world with the goodwill of $25 billion. McDonald has founded in US and it has roots in Unite d States but now days it became a citizen of the whole world. The bar chart shows the McDonald’s total Assets, Equity, Revenue, Net Income and Operating Income till 2010. McDonald’s World Wide Locations Map: This Map Shows the McDonald’s strength almost all over the World. Globalisation and McDonalds: Global expansion of the McDonald is known as McDonaldisation of the society. It succeeds in very low time and firstly in US, than after it introduced in Canada in June 1967. In July of 1971, McDonald has opened with the partnership of Den Fujita, the local company of the Tokyo, Japan. About 20 year later McDonald has introduced in Moscow, Russia in the year of 1990. At the time of opening around 40,000 people were waiting in queue. In Moscow restaurant is too huge with the 23,675 square foot. In Russia, McDonald has served approximately 45,000 to 55,000 customers every day. Because of huge demand, company established a modern food-treating factory close to Moscow. Bigger restaurant than Russian McDonald has opened in Shenzhen city of China in 1990. This restaurant got success to attract more than 40,000 people on opening day. It also big restaurant as Moscow with an area of 28,000 square feet and about 30 cash counters. This Chinese McDonalds was a joint venture of the McDonalds Corporation and The General Corporation of Beijing Agriculture, Industry and Commerce. After two years in 1992, McDonald has started in Poland. There was two outlets started and each separately overpassed the records of both Russia as well china in terms of opening transection of the first day. Moreover, it verified as the most prevalent in East European Countries. The chart below shows worldwide establishment of McDonalds corporation. This table expresses total revenue of the McDonalds in different region. Globalisation strategy of McDonald: McDonalds has developed their unique globalisation strategy. McDonald include their fore main characters to make perfect business strategy. Are shown as below Think globally but act locally Pricing Advertising strategies Social responsibility 1. Think Globally but Act Locally: The main aim of the McDonalds Corporation is to focus locally with the global strategy. It always performs and supply all the operation, systems as per the requirement of the local factors. It always try to be fit in local traditions, cultures, society and political. McDonalds Corporation always keep special factors in mind while making their business strategy. It always performs as per the requirements of the different markets. Macdonald expenses lots of resources to develop and create its products as pre the local demands and traditions. However, once McDonalds corporation failed to do this, while establishment in Germany and Netherlands, consumers did not accept their local menu in the year 1970 because they wanted American food rather than their local menu. After this experience company realised that every restaurant’s local menu should incorporate some local tests as well but at a minimal level.At the time of establishing in India, McDonald has considered that Hindu community does not eat beef as per their Hindu belief. Therefore, they specially introduced new vegetarian series of the product in their menu. Also taking Muslim community in focus that Muslims did nit consume poke. Therefore, they only sell chicken and lamb. It had done separate preparation for Vegetarian and non-vegetarian. 2. Pricing: The other most important feature is their price differentiates than their competitor. This pricing strategy of McDonalds corporation is very reliable and unique. While fixing the price McDonalds takes some factors in consideration like local life style, income of the family, location etc.   The time of fixing price for the products, they also focus on the primary target group of the company, lower and power level. McDonalds enters in most of metropolitan city of the country in which it enters.Sometime during period of lean time company offers discounted price to boost their sell in short McDonalds corporation believes that to stay longer life in the market we should have unique pricing policy. 3. Advertising/Promotional strategies: Advertising is the other platform to the company by the help of which company introduce their product, boost to the customers etc. every organization have their unique and own promotional strategies. Here McDonalds arranges their promotional strategy as a part of advertisement. The worldwide promotional activities of the McDonalds corporation is organised by â€Å"DDB Needhamand Leo Burnettas† well their local collaborates in different countries. It sometimes organised by the local advertising company also. Other than advertisement, McDonalds corporation uses more promotional tools to promote their product. Company offers their product at law price; it gives toys to the children etc. most successful promotional strategies became very popular now days.McDonalds has for decades maintained an extensive advertising campaign. In addition to the usual media (television, radio, and newspaper), the company makes significant use of billboards and signage, sponsors sporting events ranging from Little League to the Olympic Games and makes coolers of The Orange with their logo available for local events of all kinds. Nonetheless, television has always played a central role in the companys advertising strategy. In January and February 2008 there was an offer of buy one get one free by McDonalds UK particular for the Big Mac. Company introduced press coupons and those coupons can be exchanged at the McDonalds restaurant to get benefit of the product. To date, McDonalds has used 23 different slogans in United States advertising as well as a few other slogans for select countries and regions. At times, it has run into trouble with its campaigns. 4. Social responsibility: The other most thing of the Morden business is care of society. Social responsibility creates positive image in the mind of customer. McDonalds corporation also believe in betterment of the society. It took part in social events, sponsored lots of charity shows, monetary aid etc.McDonalds corporation creates huge amount of local opportunity. McDonalds recruit local people too, McDonalds gives equal opportunity to the all employers. It gives chance to local employer at management position. McDonalds purchases their raw material from the local farmers. In addition, it gives information about the real formula of the quality of the raw material. For example in Indonesia and Russia, more than 80 % of the raw material purchased from the Local farmers. In 1990, there was a problem. Because of this particular problem, farmers cannot supply real required quality of the meat. Than after McDonalds corporation called experts from the other country to give knowledge about the agriculture. Challenges for McDonald: McDonalds corporation faced many problems in their life. In some of countries in which it entered, McDonalds corporation faced opposition from the anti-WTO organisation, anti-America, anti-capitalism, anti-globalisation activities etc. World Health Organisation also argued to the McDonalds corporation. It claimed whatever fast foods selling by McDonald’s are harmful to teenager and youngster. It increases their obesity and fat. In the year 1994 McDonalds corporation prosecuted by two groups’, activities allotting leaflets with the heading of â€Å"What’s wrong with the McDonalds which against the company. On the other hand, McDonalds corporation faces high competition from the competitors in US market. There are many brands, which can beat McDonalds at any time. Some of them are Starbucks, Burger King, Subway, Yum, KFC, and Pizza Hut etc. Alternative Strategy of McDonald: McDonalds has very effective and efficiencies globalisation strategy. The McDonald’s corporation proves it. The company very effectively operates it. Nevertheless, to make more and more market share company needs to change. Because of the objection of WHO and much other non-government organization McDonalds corporation should rebrand their company. According to WHO the fast food products of the McDonalds corporation is to harmful to the teenagers and youngsters because it increase obesity and fat in the human body. To clean up this image from the consumers mind McDonalds should be reformation of their selves. It can create new image in the mind of customers by introducing new name, symbol, logo, dress code, outlook of the restaurant etc. it will help in the new formulation of the McDonalds corporation. Conclusion: In this report, we saw that one of the key of successful business is globalisation. In the local market there may be large numbers of competitor but if you want to serve something new with the new way to your new customers for having something new in the future, than you must go to the way of globalisation. McDonalds had done this and we can see the position of the McDonalds now days. It is the biggest fast food restaurant chain of the world. In short to make your business in queue of the globalisation than and then you can get your desired results. Moreover, McDonalds needs to change itself to get better image in the teenager and youngsters mind. Because of it will continue to face problems from their competitors, NGOs and any other factors, to survive in the market will be very tough for the McDonalds corporation. Because of this main reason and to become market leader, McDonalds corporation should change their identity.

Editing - Definition and Guidelines

Editing - Definition and Guidelines Editing is a stage of the writing process in which a writer or editor strives to improve a draft (and sometimes prepare it for publication) by correcting errors and by making words and sentences clearer, more precise, and more effective. The process of  editing involves adding, deleting, and rearranging words along with recasting sentences and  cutting the clutter. Tightening our writing and mending faults can turn out to be a remarkably creative activity, leading us to clarify ideas, fashion fresh images, and even radically rethink the way we approach a topic. Put another way, thoughtful editing can inspire further  revision  of our work. EtymologyFrom the French, to publish, edit   Observations Two Types of EditingThere are two types of editing: the ongoing edit and the draft edit. Most of us edit as we write and write as we edit, and its impossible to slice cleanly between the two. Youre writing, you change a word in a sentence, write three sentences more, then back up a clause to change that semicolon to a dash; or you edit a sentence and a new idea suddenly spins out from a word change, so you write a new paragraph where until that moment nothing else was needed. That is the ongoing edit. . . .For the draft edit, you stop writing, gather a number of pages together, read them, make notes on what works and doesnt, then rewrite. It is only in the draft edit that you gain a sense of the whole and view your work as a detached professional. It is the draft edit that makes us uneasy, and that arguably matters most.(Susan Bell, The Artful Edit: On the Practice of Editing Yourself. W.W. Norton, 2007)Editing CheckpointsThe final step for the writer is to go back and clean up the r ough edges. . . . Here are some checkpoints:Facts: Make sure that what youve written is what happened;Spelling: Check and recheck names, titles, words with unusual spellings, your most frequently misspelled words, and everything else. Use a spell check but keep training your eye;Numbers: Recheck the digits, especially phone numbers. Check other numbers, make sure all math is correct, give thought to whether numbers (crowd estimates, salaries, etc.) seem logical;Grammar: Subjects and verbs must agree; pronouns need correct antecedents; modifiers must not dangle; make your English teacher proud;Style: When it comes to repairing your story, leave the copy desk feeling like the washing machine repair guy who has nothing to do.(F. Davis, The Effective Editor. Poynter, 2000) Editing in ClassA large portion of everyday editing instruction can take place in the first few minutes of class . . .. Starting every class period with invitations to notice, combine, imitate, or celebrate is an easy way to make sure editing and writing are done every day. I want to communicate with my instruction that editing is shaping and creating writing as much as it is something that refines and polishes it. . . . I want to step away from all the energy spent on separating editing from the writing process, shoved off at the end of it all or forgotten about altogether.(Jeff Anderson, Everyday Editing. Stenhouse, 2007)Tinkering: The Essence of Writing WellRewriting is the essence of writing well: its where the game is won or lost. . . . Most writers dont initially say what they want to say, or say it as well as they could. The newly hatched sentence almost always has something wrong with it. Its not clear. Its not logical. Its verbose. Its klunky. Its pretentious. Its boring. It s full of clutter. Its full of cliches. It lacks rhythm. It can be read in several different ways. It doesnt lead out of the previous sentence. It doesnt . . . The point is that clear writing is the result of a lot of tinkering.(William Zinsser, On Writing Well. Harper, 2006) The Slap-and-Pat Theory of EditingWhat I try to practice is what I call the slap-and-pat theory of editing. Almost everything thats written needs some criticism. Almost everything thats written needs some praise, or deserves some praise. So you try to mix praise with criticism. Ideally, you do it sincerely. That is, you dont praise what you really dont like; but you praise what you really do like. You dont write 12 pages of things that are wrong, without remembering to find something else you like, that is already right.(Editor Samuel S. Vaughan, in an interview with the online journal Archipelago)The Lighter Side of EditingI hate cross-outs. If Im writing and I accidentally begin a word with the wrong letter, I actually use a word that does begin with that letter so I dont have to cross out. Hence the famous closing, Dye-dye for now. A lot of my letters make no sense, but they are often very neat.(Paula Poundstone, Theres Nothing in This Book That I Meant to Say. Three Rivers Press, 2006) Pronunciation: ED-et-ing

Arts marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Arts marketing - Essay Example lectronic manufacturers among others employ this strategy with studies indicating that it is an efficient approach towards increasing the loyalty of customers. In co-branding, one commodity is associated with a different brand name or in some cases links a commodity with a different person who is not the main creator. A typical agreement to co-brand entails two or more companies deciding to cooperate in order to associate various logos, their color schemes or the aspects that identify their brands to a particular product that contracted purposefully for the purpose of the agreement (Blackett and Boad, 1999, p. 18). The main reason for this is to bring together the strongpoints of the two brands so that the premium customers can increase and be more willing to part with their money, to ensure the product remains resistant to any form of copying from other manufacturers or to bring together the various properties associated with the brands into one product. Over the years, co-branding has taken place in various industries and markets including the feature package associated with Harley Davidson on Ford Trucks as well as Nike pairing with Mic hael Jordan to come up with a special product line that included the Air Jordans which became famous all over the world (Hatch and Schultz, 2008, p. 110). Nike made shoes for running that had the ability to provide the user with instantaneous information concerning the time, distance and speed as well as well as the number of calories they were burning as they ran (Turban and Volonino, 2008, p. 228). In order to achieve this, Apple provided tiny iPods along with a new wireless system referred to as Nike + iPod, which will receive data from a sensor built into the insole of the innovative shoes. This creative development catapulted the concept of â€Å"Smart Shoes† that was developed by Adidas, Nikes rival, that developed a product with a chip device able to adjust the foot cushioning in order to match the needs of the person

Management of Change Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Management of Change - Case Study Example However, the management failed in addressing the short-term health risks of the long-sleeved shirts especially during the hot summer. It is true that there are many risk-behaviours, incidents and injuries that occur in the construction industry thus Main Roads department must focus on the occupational health and safety of its workforce estimated at 5,000 workers. There are some organizational barriers to change since the department of Main Roads has a centralised policy of resource allocation, bureaucratic procedures and a hierarchical structure thus hindering flow of information and fast decision-making. However, the Main Roads department claims that it cooperates with other government departments in implementation of policy agenda through consultations with stakeholders and external agencies. Surprisingly, the department did not consult with Cancer Council on the sun-safe strategies that will ensure workers are protected from skin cancer in the workplace, but relied on World Health Organization (WHO) advice on and figures that point out the Australia has the highest incidence of skin cancer. On the other hand, Cancer Council recommends that all workplaces to have ultraviolent (UV) radiation protection program that entails comprehensive policy and strategies of early detection and prevention of skin cancer. It is a fact that construction wo rkers have higher risk of skin cancer that all other workers due to long exposure to radiation from direct sunlight and UV rays. The Main Roads department has a positive culture that aims at protecting workers from health risks. The department has certain shared norms, customs and practices. However, the outside workers have the mentality that ‘as soon as the sun comes out you take your shirt off’. The department has created a powerful coalition â€Å" A Safety Leaders Group† that will steer the efforts of promoting positive safety staff attitudes in the